吃瓜爆料

Jihadist power can be traced back to economic savvy: 吃瓜爆料 political scientist

鈥婬ow exploiting local business in conflict zones helps Islamist groups rise to power

In the chaos of civil war and bitter ethnic conflict, Islamist groups often rise to power by exploiting local economies.

This is the central theme of Jihad & Co., a new book by 吃瓜爆料's Aisha Ahmad, an assistant professor of political science at 吃瓜爆料 Scarborough and the Munk School of Global Affairs. She explores how economic savvy 鈥 more than ideological fervour 鈥 can help explain jihadist power. 

鈥淭o understand why jihadists win, we need to follow the money on the ground,鈥 Ahmad says. 鈥淓ven when there is total chaos, there are a lot of people getting rich in these war zones. It's these business elites who give jihadists power.鈥

She says jihadists are essentially 鈥渢he big box chain that out-compete smaller warlords,鈥 allowing them to monopolize power and create order out of chaos.  

In gathering research for the book, Ahmad travelled to smugglers markets in Pakistan, Somalia, Lebanon and Mali to interview local merchants, security operatives and jihadists.

The research was deeply personal for her. Her family members, who are from Peshawar, were involved in the caravan trade along the historic Silk Road. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Peshawar鈥檚 business community became the arms smuggling network fuelling the insurgency. Before long, it became criminalized.

鈥淢y grandfather was a smuggler and all of the big warlord commanders were his clients,鈥 she says. 鈥淢any of the stories that emerged in my research, I had witnessed as a child. I remember the suitcases full of cash, the heavy machine guns pulling up at the front door, and playing in the arms bazaar of Darra Adam Khel.鈥

She says jihadists succeed because other warlords simply cannot compete in the market for security. In a civil war, all armed groups 鈥渢ax鈥 local businesses operating in their turf, extracting money in exchange for security. Ahmad suggests that a civil war is essentially a competition between these warlord protection rackets, but this can lead to debilitating costs.

The worse the ethnic and tribal fragmentation, the higher the taxes will be for the business class.

鈥淔ragmentation is expensive,鈥 says Ahmad. 鈥淚magine I want to sell you 20 sacks of sugar, but you live in a rival warlord鈥檚 turf. Moving our goods from point A to B will double the protection payments 鈥 one payment to my ethnic warlord and one to yours. These compound taxes cut right into profit margins.鈥

This is where modern Islamist groups enter.

鈥淚slamist groups have an advantage because they can sell security across ethnic and tribal lines. They come in saying, 鈥榃e鈥檙e not from tribe A or B. We鈥檙e only Muslims.鈥 The business elites love this,鈥 she says. 鈥淭hey are all desperate to sell goods across factional lines, and Islamists give them a way to overcome costly fragmentation.鈥

Buying into the Islamist protection racket means having to pay only one low tax payment. Because Islamists can offer their protection racket services to tribes A, B and C, they can charge lower security prices across the board.

When Ahmad interviewed her first mob bosses from Mogadishu, she says it felt familiar.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the exact same hustle. Everyone talks about taxes and check points. By this point, I can see the war on every single price tag in the bazaar.鈥

If these war economies are feeding the rise of Islamist groups, what does that mean for efforts at establishing peace?

For one, simply throwing money at governments in conflict zones is ineffective and promotes corruption, often benefitting one group at the expense of others. The good news, notes Ahmad, is that the local business community responds well to economic incentives since their loyalties can often be bought.

鈥淭hese elites are pragmatists, not ideologues. They want low taxes and a permissive business environment, so the key is to check the corrupt players on the government side and stop them from exploiting and frustrating the business class,鈥 she says. 鈥淐orruption drives these elites right back into the arms of the Islamists.鈥

Ahmad also insists on humility from the international community, especially in the need to pause and reflect on the effects of overthrowing foreign governments.

鈥淥ne of the important lessons from this book is that while states are easy to break, they are very hard to create, especially from the top down. If you look at Libya, Afghanistan, Somalia and Iraq, what emerged was more brutal than we could have ever imagined.鈥

Witnessing the brutality is what drove Ahmad to tell this story.

鈥淭his book was a labour of love but also part of my personal life journey, my only inheritance from a volatile and traumatic world. In telling these truths, I hope it serves the purpose of peace.鈥 

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