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A team of researchers from the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering is leveraging machine learning to enhance the manufacture of everyday items.

The researchers created a machine learning algorithm that efficiently sifts through thousands of possible metal element configurations in order to design better industrial catalysts, which, in turn, improve chemical reactions.

The results of the research were recently .

“Catalysts speed up chemical reactions, making manufacturing more efficient and less costly,” says Chandra Veer Singh, an associate professor in the department of materials science and engineering. “They are used to produce everything from plastics to industrial fertilizers and researchers around the world are constantly trying to improve their performance.

“Alloying is a key strategy in this field.”

An alloy is a combination of two or more metal elements such as platinum or iridium. Many catalysts are binary alloys that contain two metals, or tertiary alloys that contain three. But in 2018, a team of American researchers developed a new synthesis technique that allows an alloy of five different metals to be used as a catalyst.

“These alloys are referred to as high-entropy alloys (HEA) because the large number of elements creates a high level of entropy, which is a measure of amount of disorder in the material,” says Zhuole Lu, a graduate student who is pursuing a master’s degree in materials engineering. “Some HEAs may turn out to be excellent catalysts, but the challenge is that there are just too many possible combinations.”

For example, if a researcher has 30 metals to choose from, there are about 400 ways to create a binary alloy and about 4,000 ways to create a tertiary alloy. But there are more than 140,000 ways to create a five-element HEA.

Those numbers become even larger when geometric effects are taken into account. Even for a single five-element combination, there are millions of different ways those same elements could be arranged on an alloy surface.

Creating and testing all the potential combinations and arrangements would be a costly and time-consuming way to find new catalysts. So, Singh, Lu and post-doctoral researcher Zhi Wen Chen came up with a new approach.

The team’s machine learning algorithm — known as a neural network — can realistically simulate the properties of a given HEA without having to actually produce it in a lab.

“What makes this work special is its inclusion of structural effects,” says Chen. “You can imagine the metal atoms in the HEA as plastic balls in a children’s ball pit. Current machine learning models treat the alloy as though it had a flat surface. But we know that the top of the ball pit is bumpy, and that bumpiness can have a big impact on the catalyst’s properties. Our model takes that into account.”

The team validated the model by predicting the catalytic performance of a five-element HEA that contained the metals iridium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. They then compared the predictions of the machine learning model with experimental measurements from five different research groups. The results matched surprisingly well.

In the future, the team hopes to expand the approach, creating a model that can simulate different combinations of elements as well as different geometries. Such an algorithm could quickly point researchers toward the most promising catalyst candidates.

“By simultaneously accounting for different metals and different structures, we believe our tool will help materials scientists rapidly screen for the best new catalysts, while also enabling a deeper understanding of HEAs and alloy catalysts in general,” says Singh.